Introduction: Will OTA become the most basic architecture of smart driving cars in the future? (In the future, if the car factory does not have an OTA solution, it will be easily marginalized within three years, because it cannot continue to update the software, there is no way to communicate and communicate in both directions, and there is no way to form useful services and applications for car owners to use.) OTA The technical points of the architecture? Is there a standard? When will it be popularized on a large scale? The response strategy of auto companies?
With the penetration of digitalization and software into all corners of people’s lives, the automobile as a means of transportation has gradually shifted from a mechanically driven machine to a software-driven electronic product. In this context, vehicle companies compete for products and internal systems. The law will be rewritten. Traditional powertrain engines and gearboxes are the core technology and engineering of vehicle companies in the past. Looking forward to the future, vehicles will be equipped with sufficiently powerful computing capabilities, various internal and environmental sensing devices, and upper and lower software that penetrates the vehicle. In addition, the network platform connected to the vehicle has become an increasingly important role. What we can see is electrification, intelligent networked functions, unmanned driving, and so on.
Figure 1 Levels of automotive electronics in the vehicle
As the importance of electronics and software has become stronger, the complexity of vehicles has also increased. Now the number of lines of software code within cars has increased dramatically, and software is also penetrating even the most detailed sensor cores. From this perspective, automobile companies put the quality of in-car software, information security and remote OTA technology on the table, and re-examined the entire software and electrical and electronic architecture. In this sense, different levels of software have become the fastest iterative part of the car and the part that needs to be systematically managed. When serious software failures or vulnerabilities are discovered, there is a strong demand for vehicle software updates. Previously, through offline store maintenance and recall models, it became more and more difficult to manage in terms of coverage and complexity. Based on OTA (Over-the-Air Technology) over-the-air download technology, it has the ability to reduce recall costs, quickly respond to safety requirements, and improve user experience. It has become an inevitable choice in the future of the intelligent automobile era. As shown in the figure below, such a technology is also from the embryonic stage, to the entertainment system and interconnection module itself, to the powertrain and safety system, and then to the core computing unit (domain controller of each block) of the possible future cars.
Figure 2 Application time of OTA technology in vehicles
The first part of the introduction, architecture and process of automotive OTA
The OTA in the car is mainly divided into FOTA and SOTA. The former is a complete system update, and the latter is an iterative update.
FOTA (Firmware-over-the-air, firmware online upgrade) refers to downloading a complete firmware image for a vehicle, or patching the existing firmware. This is a process of downloading a complete software installation file (image).
SOTA (Software-over-the-air, software online upgrade), download files from a cloud server to the vehicle via a wireless network or a mobile network. SOTA is generally regarded as an "incremental". The vehicle company only sends the parts that need to be changed. On the one hand, it reduces the number and time of downloads, and reduces the cost and the possibility of failure. The software incremental file and the security credentials corresponding to the vehicle are called an "update package". The update package may contain multiple incremental files and multiple ECU patches
As shown in the figure below, the architecture of automotive OTA mainly includes two parts: the cloud server of the vehicle enterprise and the vehicle.
OTA service platform: Provides OTA service for vehicle terminals, where the original firmware upgrade software of various software providers is mainly managed. For security considerations, it is necessary to build an independent sub-module responsible for the OTA service platform to provide security services, including key certificate management services, data encryption services, digital signature services, etc.
Vehicle terminal OTA component: verify the legality of the upgrade package and adapt to the safe upgrade process
Figure 3 The basic composition of OTA
The process is divided into generating files, transferring and verifying files, and installing updates. Different companies implement OTA operations on different objects, especially when different communication buses are different. As shown in the figure below, tesla's main nodes are integrated in its dashboard and central control panel (network connected 4G module integration). Here) are implemented on the two main controllers with high computing power.
Remarks: Tesla is a typical case. Different automotive electronic modules have different functions. They are around the central control screen, instrument panel, vehicle network gateway, Autopilot automatic driving module and other ECU modules. Some brief introductions are given below.
Figure 4 Tesla's OTA architecture
The second part of the specific process (take Tesla as a reference)
1) Manage and generate related files: The cloud server is the main unit responsible for monitoring the entire OTA process. It not only determines which vehicles need to be updated, but also whether the domain vehicle establishes a reliable connection (generates a reliable trusted channel) and implements the handshake message , And then extract the firmware package or update package from the software library, determine the update sequence of the distribution package, determine the job manager to manage the entire process, and confirm the check after completion
2) Distribution and inspection: The server here will be distributed through encrypted channels, and in the vehicle there is a controller with powerful computing power and sufficient storage space for downloading, verification and decryption. Corresponding to the server, there is also a job manager responsible for reporting the current Status and error information. Each update job has a job ID for tracking usage.
3) Update and refresh installation: There must be readers who will ask questions, what should I do if the vehicle crashes like a mobile phone. Usually, OEMs who decide to use FOTA need to make complete considerations. Taking Tesla as an example, a method called A/B update e is adopted, through the use of powerful computing power networking modules in the vehicle (such as dashboard, central control, etc.). Station, etc.) According to the realization of the monitoring of the entire process, as shown in the following figure:
Figure 5 Mechanism of operation and backup
Flash the update file into the ECU. For the dashboard, every step of the operation needs to monitor whether the entire mechanism is complete, and to ensure that it can be stopped and rewritten at any time. As long as the corresponding ECU has a boot program that can run, it is guaranteed The vehicle and server control the entire process and minimize the risk of crashing.
Assuming it is currently running in Part A
Flash the new rootfs image and DTB into Part B
Write the new Kernal to Part B
Switch the main guide chain and recovery guide chain to Part B
Check the boot chain to make sure the next boot is acceptable
After completing all these operations, the device will be suspended and inactive.
After finishing the final preparations, the ECU will restart: there will be a continuous connection between the agent and the server, and the server can obtain the latest information about the current update status.
The third part of the standards and follow-up by car companies
Automobile companies are striving to build their own OTA architecture and functions, and form their own standards. As shown below, companies of different brands have already tried OTA. At the top of the hierarchy, they mainly launched OTA online system updates for entertainment systems; and upgraded to early warning reminders based on real-time car condition diagnosis. As the scope of FOTA progresses with the gradual deepening of information security and the key mechanism for managing suppliers, this technology is developing in a more in-depth direction. In the country, various regional negotiations of the United Nations are also negotiating the preliminary standards of UN Task Force Cyber ​​Security and OTA. In December 2016, with the United Kingdom and Japan as the chair countries, a special task force for automotive information security standards, UN TaskForce on Cyber ​​security and OTA issues (CS/OTA) was established, focusing on three parts: automotive network security, data protection and software upgrade OTA. Carrying out the formulation of international regulations and standards, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-SG17) has also fully participated in the relevant work of the task group. Chinese industry experts have also participated in part of the task group under the organization of the China Automotive Technology Research Center (C-WP.29 Secretariat), and have related international standard recommendations.
Table 1 Services of earlier vehicle companies
Threat analysis of OTA technology: In the FOTA process, there are mainly transmission risks and upgrade package tampering risks. In the transmission process of the terminal downloading the upgrade package, the attacker can use network attack methods, such as a man-in-the-middle attack, to send the tampered and forged upgrade package to the vehicle-mounted terminal. If the terminal lacks a verification mechanism during the upgrade process, the tampered upgrade package is The upgrade process can be successfully completed to achieve the purpose of tampering with the system and implanting malicious programs such as backdoors. The attacker may also unpack and analyze the upgrade package to obtain some available information, such as vulnerability patches, etc. The exposure of key information in the upgrade package will increase the risk of being attacked. Therefore, for vehicle companies, OTA technology actually has the problem that it will cause major problems if it is not done well. This has always been the biggest obstacle restricting vehicle companies from promoting the development of OTA technology in vehicles. With the introduction of information security technology, this area has also become a development opportunity for vehicle companies to combine with network technology.
Summary: From the perspective of overall technological development, OTA service is an important function of smart car technology. It is needed from user psychology and after-sales maintenance of vehicle companies. What is affected by this relatively hot technology is the integration of future vehicles into the Internet. In the overall structure of the Alliance, it is an important step in historical development. This technology has become more and more important as vehicle companies gradually grasp the full life cycle of software capabilities, network capabilities, and back-end customer needs.
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