A battery is one of the batteries. Its function is to store limited electrical energy and use it in a suitable place. It works by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
It uses a lead plate filled with sponge lead as a negative electrode, a lead plate filled with lead dioxide as a positive electrode, and 22 to 28% of dilute sulfuric acid as an electrolyte. When charging, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, which is converted into electrical energy when discharged. When the battery is discharged, the metal lead is a negative electrode, which undergoes an oxidation reaction and is oxidized to lead sulfate; the lead dioxide is a positive electrode, and a reduction reaction occurs, and is reduced to lead sulfate. When the battery is charged by direct current, the two poles respectively produce lead and lead dioxide. After removing the power supply, it returns to the state before discharge to form a chemical battery. A lead storage battery is a battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and is called a secondary battery. Its voltage is 2V, usually three series of lead batteries are used in series, the voltage is 6V. The car uses six lead batteries in series to form a 12V battery pack. The lead storage battery should be supplemented with distilled water after a period of use to keep the electrolyte containing 22-28% of dilute sulfuric acid.
When discharging, the electrode reaction is: PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e- = PbSO4 + 2H2O
Negative reaction: Pb + SO42- - 2e- = PbSO4
Total reaction: PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 === 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (reaction to the right is discharge, reaction to the left is charge)
Battery applicationLead-acid battery products mainly have the following types, and their uses are as follows:
Starter type battery: mainly used for starting and lighting of automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, diesel engines, etc.;
Fixed battery: mainly used for communication, power plant, computer system as a backup power source for protection and automatic control;
Traction type battery: mainly used for various battery vehicles, forklifts, forklifts and other power sources;
Railway battery: mainly used for railway diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger car starting, lighting power;
Storage battery: It is mainly used for electric energy storage for power generation such as wind power and solar energy;
The main components of the lead storage battery are as follows: Anode plate (lead peroxide. PbO2)---" Active material cathode plate (sponge lead. Pb) ---" Active material electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid) ---" Sulfuric acid ( H2SO4) + water (H2O) battery case isolation plate other (liquid port plug. cover, etc.)
1. Battery use error1.1 Battery charge capacity does not match the engine
Reasonable selection of the charge capacity of the battery according to the type of engine and the conditions of use is one of the important ways to improve the economy of the battery and prolong its service life. When the starter starts the engine, the battery output current is very large, generally 150A-200A, and the output current is as high as 250A-300A when starting at low temperature (-10°C). If the charge capacity of the battery does not match the engine and the charge capacity of the battery is too small, when the starting resistance is large, the battery with a small charge capacity will accelerate the reaction of the active material with sulfuric acid per unit time under the condition of severe discharge, so that the temperature of the battery rises. High, the plate is bent due to overload, resulting in a large amount of active material falling off, the early damage of the plate, so that the battery life is greatly shortened. If the charge capacity of the battery is too large, the above problem does not occur, but the active material cannot be fully utilized, and the battery economy is lowered. Therefore, the charge capacity of the battery must match the engine. Usually, the choice of battery charge capacity should be based on the starter power, voltage and the load of the electrical equipment.
1.2 battery parallel mixing
Some drivers use a fully charged battery in parallel when starting the engine because the original battery is not fully charged. In fact, a fully charged battery in parallel will charge a battery with insufficient storage current with a large charging current, which will easily cause the active material of the plate to fall off and affect its service life. At the same time, after the batteries are connected in parallel, it can not provide a large starting current to the starter, which is not conducive to the starting of the engine. The correct method should be to remove the battery with insufficient storage, replace it with a fully charged battery, and then start the engine.
1.3 battery serial mixing
In the use of batteries, there are occasions when new and old batteries are used in series. However, this practice will shorten the service life of the battery. Because there are many chemical reaction materials in the new battery, the terminal voltage is high, and the internal resistance is small (the internal resistance of the new 12V battery is only 0.015-0.018Ω); while the old battery terminal voltage is lower, the internal resistance is larger (12V old battery The internal resistance is above 0.085Ω). If the new and old batteries are mixed in series, then in the state of charge, the charging voltage at both ends of the old battery will be higher than the charging voltage at both ends of the new battery, resulting in the new battery not being fully charged and the old battery charging being too high; in the discharged state Because the charge capacity of the new battery is larger than the charge capacity of the old battery, the result is that the old battery is over-discharged, and even the old battery is reversed. Therefore, the battery must not be mixed with new and old.
In addition, batteries of different charge capacities cannot be mixed in series, because when two batteries having different charge capacities are used in series, the batteries with small charge capacity are often overcharged or discharged, and the service life is shortened.
1.4 Diesel battery battery cell damage continues to be used
Because diesel engine compression is relatively large, the required starting torque is also large, so the general diesel engine is started with 24V voltage to increase the specific power of the starter, but the generator and the whole vehicle electrical equipment still use 12V voltage, so the diesel vehicle The circuit is equipped with a voltage conversion switch. When starting, the transfer switch connects two 12V batteries in series and supplies power at 24V. In the non-starting state, the transfer switch restores the two batteries to parallel operation to meet the needs of 12V voltage. However, when one of the batteries is damaged, some drivers will short-circuit them and continue to use them. This will cause a large discharge current and charging current due to the unequal voltage of the two battery terminals, resulting in damage to the battery and generator. Therefore, the battery compartment on the diesel vehicle should be replaced or repaired immediately after the battery compartment is damaged, and the single battery should not be short-circuited and continue to be used.
1.5 ignoring the venting hole
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