This article focuses on the basic building blocks of the analog signal chain. The first part focuses on op amps. Welcome to the Signal Chain Fundamentals series, which are articles that describe how analog signal chains work. In this article, the topics we explore include analog signal processing and the devices necessary to support these functions. We welcome your comments and suggestions, and they may even become topics for future discussions.
Basic Building Blocks - Operational Amplifier Block
The most basic building block of the signal chain is the op amp (see Figure 1). The simplest op amp is actually a device with an infinite input impedance differential input and a voltage-controlled voltage source with an infinite gain. The mere reliance on these features is minimal, but after using various feedback techniques, it becomes an extremely useful device.
Figure 1 Ideal Operational Amplifier
The ideal op amp transfer function that can be seen from this circuit is:
If the value of Aol (open loop gain) is very large, then the circuit has little value. A survey of product data specifications shows that we cannot strictly control the absolute value of Aol during the production process. However, you can solve this problem by adding negative feedback, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Ideal op amp with feedback
Since there can be no current on the input pin, the current through Ri must be equal to the current flowing through Rf. Expressed by the equation as follows:
Combine the two, set V2=0 and assume that the open-loop gain is very large, resulting in the standard closed-loop gain (Acl) equation:
Note that from the first equation it can be seen that the op amp amplifies the difference between the input voltages. As long as the op amp is operating in linear mode, the input pins will be at the same voltage (see Figure 3).
Figure 3 Standard circuit diagram of the inverting op amp structure
For non-inverting structures, the gain equation has slightly different results (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 Structure of a non-inverting op amp
If the value of Aol is very large, the gain equation is simplified to:
The complete development of the transfer function can be seen in the relevant tool options below. This function development also applies when Aol is less than infinity.
First understand that this basic building block can complete the configuration of a large number of analog computing circuits. In future articles, the three basic concepts generated here will be used several times: the gain equation when the Aol value is very large, the gain equation when the Aol value is defined, and the drive of the output of the operational amplifier, such as inputting The feet are kept at the same voltage.
Tool Options: Development of Closed Loop Gain Equation
For non-inverting structures:
When the Aol value is very large, the equation is reduced to:
This is a closed-loop gain equation under ideal conditions where the Aol value is very large. When the open loop gain is less than the ideal condition, the actual closed loop gain equation will become:
Since the Aol value will always be less than infinity, there will always be some errors in the gain equation. In general, the Aol value can be large enough so that the error is negligible.
Similar function development under reversed conditions:
When the Aol value is very large, the equation is simplified to:
This is a closed-loop gain equation under ideal conditions where the Aol value is very large. When the open loop gain is less than the ideal condition, the actual closed loop gain equation will become:
Note that the Acl value here is a non-inverted Acl value.
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