Like blood samples, urine specimens are also affected by factors such as diet, exercise, and drug dosage, especially the effects of diet, so morning urine is generally better than random urine.
Morning urine refers to the first urine specimen after getting up in the morning. It is concentrated and acidified, and the formation points (such as blood cells, epithelial cells, and tubular shape) are relatively concentrated for easy observation.
Random urine is a random urine, easy to stay, but is more affected by diet, exercise, drugs, prone to false positive and false negative results, such as dietary proteinuria, dietary diabetes, vitamin C interference occult blood results.
Postprandial urine (patient urine collected 2 hours after lunch) is suitable for urine sugar, urine protein and urobilinogen examination. At this time, urine specimens can increase the sensitivity of the test and detect milder lesions. The 12-hour urinary cell count, which is the Addis count (all urine collected after emptying the bladder at 8 pm to 8:00 am the next day), is prone to multiplication due to the long time, and the preservative formaldehyde must be added. Quantification of chemical substances in 24-hour urine (all urine collected after emptying the bladder at 8 am on the first day to 8:00 am the next day), including protein, sugar, urinary 17-ketone, 17-hydroxysteroid, catecholamine, Ca2+, etc., detect different substances and choose different preservatives for preservation.
Clean mid-stage urine is mostly used for urinary bacterial culture. It requires sterility and samples are taken after rinsing the vulva. All urine specimens should be collected in a sufficient amount, at least 12 ml, preferably 50 ml. All urine must be collected at regular intervals. For female patients, vaginal secretions and blood-contaminated urine specimens should be avoided.
Urine specimens are susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination, making their organic components susceptible to decomposition. If urine is not collected immediately after collection, temporary preservation measures should be taken. The best method is to refrigerate or add preservatives.
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