As energy costs rise and consumers become more aware of energy-saving appliances, governments around the world have introduced more stringent energy efficiency standards or energy-efficient incentives to improve white house energy efficiency. For example, the US Department of Energy recommends implementing new energy efficiency standards to reduce the energy use of refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines, and in some cases mandates an increase in energy efficiency of up to 35%. Since its implementation, Japan's energy efficiency "Top Runner" project has significantly improved the energy efficiency requirements of air conditioners and refrigerators.
A variety of different motors are often used in home appliances to control different functions. The motor includes an alternating current (AC) motor and a direct current (DC) motor. The DC motor includes a brushed DC motor and a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. BLDC motor is divided into rotating electric machine and stepping motor. It has remarkable energy saving, low noise and excellent shifting performance. It is widely used in home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines.
Designers who design energy-efficient home appliances need to choose energy-efficient power conversion and motor drive/control solutions in their designs. ON Semiconductor offers a broad lineup of products and solutions that drive energy-efficient innovation. This article will analyze the motor applications in home appliances and introduce the motor drive and control solutions that ON Semiconductor applies to typical home appliances.
Home appliance application requirements and design challenges
In response to different voltage and current range requirements for different motor applications in home appliances, ON Semiconductor offers a broad lineup of highly energy efficient motor drive/control solutions that support voltages up to 600 V and currents up to 50 A. These motor drives are available in four versions, a 12 V BLDC motor driver, a 24 V BLDC motor driver, a 3-phase BLDC driver controller (with a drive voltage of 240 V), and a 600 V or higher BLDC motor driver.
In addition to matching different voltage/current requirements, another common challenge for engineers in home appliance design is energy consumption. For example, if the fan driver's board is built in, it generates heat and requires additional power to cool it. Therefore, engineers may require both energy efficient and powerful cooling motors.
Figure 1: Overview of the motor driver/controller voltage/current range for home appliances.
In addition, users demand that home appliances reduce the annoying noise generated by the motor, and hope to have a comfortable and quiet experience. Therefore, engineers should choose a motor that produces lower noise. Some home appliances, such as refrigerators, prefer small refrigerators because of their limited living space. This trend has led engineers to use smaller motors to optimize footprint. Durability, safety and reliability are important because home appliances require high voltage power supplies to drive.
Motor driver solution for typical appliance applications
Refrigerator
According to statistics, the most used refrigerators in high-end refrigerators may reach 5 or more. Typical applications include dampers, fans, ice machines, compressors, airflow adjustment and cooling flow pumps. The most basic functions of the refrigerator are also the compression motor and the cooling flow pump. The higher-end products use fans and dampers to regulate the airflow with the motor. The ice machine may use 2 motors, one for ice and the other for emptying the ice tray.
Figure 2. Motor application in a refrigerator
1) Compressor drive
All refrigerators have a compressor. The latest compressors are designed with a BLV motor operating at 600 V, requiring motor drivers with high breakdown voltage, high energy efficiency and high reliability. For compressor motor drive applications, it is recommended to use ON Semiconductor's intelligent power modules (IPM) for 3-phase motor control, such as STK551U362A-E (10 A) and STK531U3x2x-E (5 A to 10 A) for single shunt resistors. , and the three-shunt resistor type STK554U362A-E (10A) and STK534U3x2x-E (5A to 10A).
These IPMs use ON Semiconductor's unique Insulated Metal Substrate Technology (IMST®) to build electronic circuits on aluminum and metal substrates, enabling multiple components to be packaged in the same module IC, including discrete resistors such as resistors and capacitors. Discrete active components such as components, diodes, and transistors, as well as more complex ICs or application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) such as gate drivers, digital signal processors (DSPs), logic components, and more. IMST also enables the power output circuit, control circuit and its peripheral circuits to be mounted on the same substrate. These IPMs provide energy efficiency, high reliability and high security, which can significantly reduce component count, reduce board space, reduce total system cost, reduce heat dissipation and improve reliability compared to high current designs implemented with discrete components. Sex.
Figure 3: ON Semiconductor's Intelligent Power Module (IPM) uses IMST to package multiple components into modules.
2) Automatic ice machine drive
The automatic ice maker of the refrigerator uses a brush motor, one function is to open and close the supply valve for filling the tray, and the other function is to flip the tray once the water freezes. Both of these functions can be implemented using an H-bridge motor driver. ON Semiconductor supplies components for automatic ice machine motor drives including the LB1948M and LV8548M. These devices offer key features such as high breakdown voltage, energy efficiency and variable speed control. Among them, the LB1948M is a 2-channel, 12 V low-saturation voltage-driven, forward/reverse motor driver with a robust breakdown design that consumes zero current in standby mode. The LV8548M is a single low on-resistance DMOS driver. The excitation mode includes full step and half step, providing different step adjustments. The on-resistance of this device is only 1 Ω, which helps improve energy efficiency. The current consumption in standby mode is also Zero, providing low energy work.
3) Ventilation motor
For refrigerators, heat removal by fan ventilation is an important function, requiring the motor drive to have quiet drive, high energy efficiency and variable speed control. ON Semiconductor offers innovative, energy-efficient sensorless motor drivers for refrigerator ventilation, such as the LV8804FV, LV8805SV and LB11685AV. These drives offer low power and low vibration operation. They do not require a Hall sensor and can therefore reduce the size of the motor. The soft start feature allows them to start quietly and quietly. The integrated soft switching function of the LV8804FV and LV8805SV enables extremely quiet motor operation. In addition, the lock protection function is used to turn off the output when the motor is abnormally stopped, thus protecting the drive.
Figure 4: ON Semiconductor's lineup of motor drives and other products for refrigerators.
4) Damper
The damper is used for buffering. When the action point is very slow, there is almost no resistance, and when the action point moves faster, the resistance is obviously increased, which is widely used in refrigerators and washing machines. ON Semiconductor's motor drivers for refrigerator dampers include the LB1948M and LV8548M. These devices offer key features such as high breakdown voltage, high energy efficiency, low standby current, and variable speed control.
2. Air conditioning
Common room air conditioners include different components such as indoor units and outdoor units. Air conditioner indoor units usually use two motors, one for the fan and the other for the blinds to control the airflow in the room; the outdoor unit usually uses three motors for the compressor, fan and valve. Higher end models also have an auxiliary fan.
1) DC fan motor
Both the indoor unit and the outdoor unit use a DC fan and need to drive a 3-phase BLDC fan motor. The fan motor can drive up to 250 V and is designed to use 600 V devices to ensure robustness to handle noise spikes. Among them, the indoor unit uses a 1.0 A fan. The larger split air conditioner uses a 2.0 A fan. The outdoor unit uses a 3.0 A fan.
Figure 5: Motor application in air conditioning.
ON Semiconductor supplies a DC fan motor with a drive solution consisting of the LV8136V pre-driver IC and the STK611-7xx or STK5C4 series of three-phase fan motor hybrid integrated circuits (HIC). This solution provides high voltage, high current (1 A / 2 A / 3 A) drive, high efficiency, quiet operation, few components, integrated with a variety of protection features, providing higher reliability. The power saving mode also makes the standby current almost zero.
2) IPM for compression motor and fan motor
ON Semiconductor supplies STK551-xxx series, STK554-xxx series and STK5C47xxx series 3-phase inverter IPM for air-conditioning compression motor and fan motor drive, and STK57F- combined with boost power factor correction (PFC) and 3-phase inverter. The 3xx series of 2-in-1 IPM products offer a variety of application advantages. Taking the STK57F-3xx series IPM products as an example, because PFC and 3-phase inverters are combined into one, not only provide energy-efficient circuits, but also significantly reduce the number of components, save PCB space, shorten development time, reduce assembly costs, and speed up Listing process.
Figure 6. ON Semiconductor's 2-in-1 Inverter Intelligent Power Module (IPM) for air conditioning.
3. Washing machine and dryer
The washing machine requires a motor to drive the cylinder, the water pump and various pumps. The dryer requires a motor to drive the drum and the blower.
Figure 7. Motor application in the washer/dryer.
1) Cartridge drive
Inside the washing machine, the cartridge drive is the largest motor, usually in the 10 A range. ON Semiconductor's IPM for 3-phase BLDC motor drives is the most advanced line of cartridge drives for energy efficient, quiet drive, excellent heat dissipation, ruggedness and reliable operation. These IPMs include the STK551U362A-E (10 A) and STK531U3x2x-E (5 A to 10 A) with single shunt resistor type and the STK554U362A-E (10A) and STK534U3x2x-E (5A to 10A) with three-shunt resistor type.
2) Water supply and drainage pump
Water supply and drainage pumps require key features such as energy efficiency and variable speed drive. ON Semiconductor's LB11920 and LB1975 use direct PWM control to provide high efficiency for use in this type of three-phase BLDC motor drive application. The PWM duty cycle of these devices can be controlled with an IC input and is suitable for a wide operating voltage range from 9.5 V to 30 V.
3) Damper
In laundry and dryer applications, there is a motor on the damper to control the airflow to the dryer. The key requirements of this damper are the same as those of the refrigerator damper. It is recommended to use high-efficiency motor driver ICs such as LB1948MC, LB1909MC, LV8548MC and LV8549MC. Taking the LB1948MC as an example, this device is easy to design and has almost zero standby current.
4) DC fan
The blower in the washer and dryer is similar to the air conditioner application. The LV8136V is recommended. This is a PWM system pre-driver IC for driving 3-phase brushless DC motors. Thanks to the PWM drive, this IC offers optimized energy efficiency and low noise.
to sum up:
ON Semiconductor actively promotes energy-efficient innovations and offers complete solutions for home appliances, including power supplies, motor drives, user interfaces, communications, and measurement. This article focuses on ON Semiconductor's motor drives and controllers for appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, dryers, and washing machines, as well as highly integrated Intelligent Power Modules (IPM) solutions to help designers select the right product for their specific application. Design home appliances that are energy efficient, highly reliable, and quiet.
Reference materials:
1. "White Appliance Program Brochure"
2, "Anson Semiconductor Smart Power Module (IPM) Series"
3. "Intellective Semiconductor Intelligent Power Module (IPM) Technology and Solution for White Goods", ON Semiconductor
4. "Anssen Semiconductor's Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor Drive and Control Solution for White Goods Applications, ON Semiconductor
5, ON Semiconductor website consumer application area
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